黑料正能量

Unlike other citation styles, MLA style uses a template based on containers, shown below.

One author: Last, First M.
Two authors: Last, First M., and First Last.
Three or more authors: Last, First M., et al. 

 

Journal articles:

Last, First. "Article Title." Journal Title, vol. #, no. #, date, location. Database name, doi/URL

Gilbert, Sky. 鈥淪hakespeare鈥檚 Epistemology and the Problem of Truth.鈥� Journal of Scientific Exploration, vol. 37, no. 2, June 2023, pp. 218鈥�28. EBSCOhost, .

Books:

Last, First M. Book Title. # ed., vol. #, Publisher, year.

Tolkien, J. R. R. The Fellowship of the Ring. 60th anniversary edition, Harper Collins Publishers, 2014.

• Note: In this example, we use J. R. R. Tolkien's initials as opposed to writing Tolkien, John R. R. This is because he is a famous figure commonly referred to by his initials (not many people know what the J. R. R. stands for off the top of their head!)
• Note: If a book edition goes by a specific name as opposed to a number, write out the name. In this case, it is a special 60th anniversary edition, not a regular reprinting, so we reflect that in the reference. 

Book chapters:

Last, First M. "Chapter Title." Book Title, edited by First M. Last, # ed., vol. #, Publisher, year, pp. #-#. 

Poe, Edgar Allen. "The Masque of the Red Death." The Complete Works of Edgar Allen Poe, edited by James A. Harrison, vol. 4, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1902, pp. 250-58.

• Note: In this example, we write out Edgar Allen Poe's full name as opposed to writing Poe, Edgar A. This is because he is a famous figure commonly referred to by all three names (you can see that in the book title above). 

Website:

Last, First M. "Page Title." Site Name, date, URL. Accessed date. 

Cowden, Jessica. "Citations & Style Guides." 黑料正能量 Mahoney Library, 7 July 2026, www.steu.edu/academics/mahoney-library/research/citations.html. Accessed 6 July 2026.

• Note: While "Jessica Cowden" is not listed as the author anywhere on this webpage, the bottom of the research home page says that "All research guides have been created by Jessica Cowden for the Mahoney Library at 黑料正能量". Because this page is a research guide, we know that Jessica Cowden (that's me!) wrote this page

Report by a group or organization:

Group Name. Report Title. Report #, Publisher, date. URL.

National Cancer Institute. Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment. NIH Publication No. 18-2424, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, March 2018.

Sharrow, Elizabeth et al. Play to Lead: The Generational Impact of Sports on Women鈥檚 Leadership. Women鈥檚 Sports Foundation, 2024.

• Note: If the group author is the publisher, skip the author slot and start your reference with the report title. If the report specifies individual authors, list them instead of the group for the author slot

Audio/visual media (videos, podcasts, films, photographs, PowerPoint slides, etc):

Episode of a series: "Episode Title." Series Title, season #, episode #, Publisher, date. Streaming Service Name, URL. 

"Blink." Doctor Who, season 3, episode 10, BBC, 9 June 2007. AMC+, .

Film: Title. Directed by First M. Last and First M. Last, performances by First M. Last, First M. Last, and First M. Last, Distributor, year. 

1) Wicked. Directed by Jon M. Chu, Universal Pictures, 2024.

2) Chu, Jon M., director. Wicked. Performances by Ariana Grande and Cynthia Erivo, Universal Pictures, 2024.

• Note: Both options above are valid ways to cite the film. While the director would typically go after the film title in the contributor spot, you can also place the director at the beginning of the citation in the author slot if you want to highlight the director as part of the film. You can also choose to add the names of people who performed in the work as well, if that information is important for your paper. 

AI-generated content:

"Prompt text" prompt. AI tool, version of tool, Company, day Month year. URL of chat. 

鈥淒escribe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald鈥� prompt. ChatGPT, version 5.5 Instant, OpenAI, 1 July 2026, .

• Note: Use the date the text was generated as the publish date.

One author: Last, F. M.
Two to twenty authors: List all authors, with an ampersand (&) before the last author. Last, F. M., Last, F. M., & Last, F. M.
Twenty-one or more authors: List the first 19 authors, insert an ellipsis (a series of three periods) without an ampersand (&), then add the final author's name. Last, F. M. (x19) ... Last, F. M.

 

Journal articles:

Last, F. M., Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, v(i), page-page. URL/doi.

Maurici, D., Stallworth, R., & Khan, S. (2025). What we talk about when we talk about 鈥渇irst-generation students": Exploring definitions in use on college and university websites. College & Research Libraries, 86(3), 379-393.

• Note: Some journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. When this happens, add "Article ###" after the issue number, separated with a comma and followed by a period

Books:

Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (year). Book title: Subtitle (# ed). Publisher. URL/doi.

Bloomberg, L. D., & Volpe, M. (2019). Completing your qualitative dissertation: A road map from beginning to end (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Book chapters:

Last, F. M., Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (year). Chapter title: Subtitle. In F. M. Last & F. M. Last (Eds.), Book title (# ed, pp. #-#). Publisher. URL/doi. 

Shamayleh, G., & Arsel, Z. (2023). From blogs to platforms: Content landscape and affordances. In R. Llamas & R. Belk (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of digital consumption (2nd ed.). Routledge.

• Note: "Routledge" is capitalized in the book title because Routledge is a name (a proper noun)

Website:

Stable: Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (year, day Month). Page title. Website/Publisher. URL.

Abadi, M. (2018, May 26). A tomato is actually a fruit 鈥� But it's a vegetable at the same time. Business Insider.

Likely to change: Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (year, day Month). Page title. Website/Publisher. Retrieved on Month, day, year, from URL.

Cowden, J. (2026, 22 April). Citations & style guides. 黑料正能量 Mahoney Library. Retrieved on June 1, 2026, from /academics/mahoney-library/research/citations.html

• Note: Most websites you cite will not need a retrieval date; however, citations for websites that are designed to give up-to-date information should include a retrieval date to tell readers that the version they see might be different that the version you saw. For example, the Citations & style guides reference above is for an older version of this page.
• Note: Some sources will not have a specific date (especially common for websites). In those cases, use "n.d." (stands for no date) for the date in your reference list and in-text citations. If you are citing additional sources by the same author, list them after the non-dated resource.

Report by a group or organization:

Group Name. (year). Report title: Subtitle (Report #). Publisher Name. doi or URL.

National Cancer Institute. (2018). Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment (NIH Publication No. 18-2424). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.

• Note: Group names should always be referred to by their whole name, in your reference list and in your in-text citations. You can abbreviate the name when discussing the organization in your writing. If the report specifies individual authors, use their names as the author. 

Audio/visual media (videos, podcasts, films, photographs, PowerPoint slides, etc):

Last, F. M. (date). Work title [Description]. Production Company/Museum Name, Museum Location/Music Label. URL. 

Purdue OWL. (2019, January 18). Citation: Why multiple styles? [Video]. YouTube.

• Note: The person or group who uploaded a video onto a site like YouTube or Vimeo is credited as the author for retrieveability, even if someone else created or contributed to the work.

Segarra, M. (Host). (2026, March 10). How to get better at staying off your phone [Audio podcast episode]. In Life kit. NPR.

• Note: Treat episodes of podcasts and TV shows similar to book chapters - put the episode title in plain text and add "In F. Last (role), Series title." afterward

AI-generated content:

AI Company Name. (year, month day). Title of chat [Description]. Tool Name/Model. URL of the specific chat.

Google. (2025, May 22). High school grammar concepts overview [Generative AI chat]. Gemini 2.5 Flash. 

• Note: Use the date the content was generated as the publish date. 

AMA style relies on abbreviations to shorten common journal titles. Use the National Library of Medicine's to look up the appropriate abbreviations for journal titles.

Importantly, AMA distinguishes between sources you access online and sources you access in print/physical format. For example, if you read a book as an ebook, you must cite the ebook version, even if the book is available in print. 

1-6 authors: Last FM, Last FM, Last FM, Last FM, Last FM, Last FM.
7 or more authors: Last FM, Last FM, Last FM, et al.

 

Journal articles:

In print: Last FM, Last FM, Last FM. Article title. Journal Abbreviation. year;volume(issue):pages. doi
Online: Last FM, Last FM, Last FM. Article title. Journal Abbreviation. year;volume(issue):location. doi. Accessed Month day, year. URL. 

Wang G, Hu FB, Mistry KB, et al. Association between maternal prepregnancy body mass index and plasma folate concentrations with child metabolic health. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(8):e160845. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0845

• Note: For journal articles, the location may refer to the article's page numbers, the article number, or the e-identifier. In this example, the journal does not use pages for online articles - it instead uses identifiers like e160845.

Books:

In print: Last FM, Last FM. Book Title. # ed. Publisher; year.
With editors: Last FM, Last FM eds. Book Title. # ed. Publisher; year.
Online: Last FM, Last FM. Book Title. # ed. Book medium. Publisher; year. Accessed Month, day, year. URL. 

Knoop KJ, Stack LB, Storrow AB, Thurman RJ. The Atlas of Emergency Medicine. 5th ed. McGraw Hill; 2021. Accessed June 16, 2026.

Book chapters:

In print: Last FM, Last FM. Article title. In: Last FM, Last FM, eds. Book Title. # ed. Publisher; year:pages
Online: Last FM, Last FM. Article title. In: Last FM, Last FM, eds. Book Title. # ed. Book medium. Publisher; year:chap #. Accessed Month, day, year. URL. 

Prince M, Glozier N, Sousa R, Dewey M. Measuring disability across physical, mental, and cognitive disorders. In: Regier DA, Narrow WE, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ, eds. The Conceptual Evolution of DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2010:189-227.

• Note: In normal text, "DSM-5" would be italicized. We can't double italicize "DSM-5" when we use it as part of a referenced book title, so we have to put it in plain text to keep the emphasis of "this word is different from the rest". 

Website:

Last FM, Last FM. Work title. Website Name. Publish date. Updated date. Accessed Month day, 2026. URL. 

Information for travelers returning from Ebola-affected areas. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 6, 2026. Accessed June 17, 2026.  

• Note: If no title is given for the item, use the name of the organization responsible for the site
• Note: Switch the author names for an organization name if appropriate, or omit the author area if no author or group author is listed

Report by a group, agency, or organization:

In print: Group Name. Report Title. Publishing Agency; year:pages. Publication number.
Online: Group Name. Report title. Publication number. year. Accessed Month day, year. URL.

National Cancer Institute. Taking Time: Support for People with Cancer. National Institutes of Health; 2019. NIH Publication 18-2059.

World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control recovery plans and implementation: Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone inter-country meeting. 2015. Accessed June 17, 2026.  

• Note: If the report has individual authors listed, use their name/s in place of the group name, with the format Last FM, Last FM
• Note: Department should be abbreviated as Dept

Audio/visual media (videos, podcasts, films, photographs, PowerPoint slides, etc):

Last FM, Last FM. Work Title. Medium. Publisher; year. Accessed Month day, year. URL.

Jones C. American Delivery: Solving the Maternal Mortality Crisis in U.S. Healthcare. Streaming video. PBS; 2025. Accessed June 17, 2026.  

AI-generated content:

Software Name. Version no. Publisher; Year. Accessed Date. URL

ChatGPT. Version 4.5. OpenAI; 2025. Accessed February 28, 2025. 

• Note: Use the date the content was generated as the publish date. Describe the specifics of AI use in the Acknowledgments or Methods section (including the exact prompt used) 

Chicago style has two different variations: author-date and notes-bibliography. The main difference between the two is how each source is referred to in the text, but there are differences in the reference list as well. You can learn more about each one, as well how to format endnotes and footnotes, on the . Both variations of bibliographic styles are shown in the examples below.

One Author: Last, First M.
Two Authors: Last, First M., and First Last.
Three to six authors: Last, First M., First M. Last, First M. Last, First M. Last, First M. Last, First M. Last 
Seven or more authors: Last, First M., First M. Last, First M. Last, et al. 

 

Journal articles:

Author-date: Last, First M. year. "Article Title." Journal Title volume (issue): pages. URL/doi

Snyder, Carl D., Manuel Bedrossian, Casey Barr, et al. 2025. 鈥淓xtant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments.鈥� PLOS ONE 20 (3): e0318239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318239.

Notes-bibliography: Last, First M. "Article Title." Journal Title volume, no. issue (year): pages. URL/doi

Snyder, Carl D., Manuel Bedrossian, Casey Barr, et al. 鈥淓xtant Life Detection Using Label-Free Video Microscopy in Analog Aquatic Environments.鈥� PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): e0318239. .

• Note: Some journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. When this happens, replace the page numbers with the article number, as in the above examples

Books:

Author-date: Last, First M., and First M. Last. year. Book Title: Subtitle. # ed. Publisher. URL/Database. 

Bloomberg, Linda D. 2022. Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation: A Road Map From Beginning to End. 5th ed. SAGE Publications. 

Notes-bibliography: Last, First M., and First M. Last. Book Title: Subtitle. # ed. Publisher, year. URL/ Database

Bloomberg, Linda D., and Marie F. Volpe. Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation: A Road Map From Beginning to End. 4th ed. SAGE Publications, 2019.

Book chapters:

Author-date: Last, First M. year. "Chapter Title." In Book Title: Subtitle, edited by First M. Last and First M. Last. Publisher.

Lipton, Richard B., and Marcelo E. Bigal. 2010. "Epidemiology of Refractory Migraine." In Refractory Migraine: Mechanisms and Management, edited by Elliot A. Schulman, Morris Levin, Alvin E. Lake, Elizabeth Loder. Oxford University Press.

Notes-bibliography: Last, First M. "Chapter Title." In Book Title: Subtitle, edited by First M. Last and First M. Last. Publisher, year.

Lipton, Richard B., and Marcelo E. Bigal. "Epidemiology of Refractory Migraine." In Refractory Migraine: Mechanisms and Management, edited by Elliot A. Schulman, Morris Levin, Alvin E. Lake, Elizabeth Loder. Oxford University Press, 2010.

Website:

The Chicago style manual states that citing website content in the text or a note is typically  sufficient for citations. However, if a bibliographic entry is needed, use the following templates. If no author is named, begin your reference with the page title. You may include the original publish date and the last modified date, if both are provided. 

Author-date: Last, First M. Month day, year. 鈥淭itle of Web Page.鈥� Name of Website. URL.

Cowden, Jessica. Last updated July 7, 2026. "Citations and Style Guides." Saint Elizabeth University Mahoney Library. /academics/mahoney-library/research/citations.html

• Note: For author-date style only, when there is no publication or revision date available, use "n.d." in the date location

Notes-bibliography: Last, First M. 鈥淭itle of Web Page.鈥� Name of Website. Month day year. URL.

Cowden, Jessica. "Citations and Style Guides." 黑料正能量 Mahoney Library. Last updated July 7, 2026. /academics/mahoney-library/research/citations.html

• Note: For notes-bibliography style only, when there is no publication or revision date available, use "Accessed Month day, year" instead

Report by a group or organization:

Author-date: Group Name. date. Report Title. Publisher. URL. 

World Health Organization. December 9, 2024. Health Inequality Monitoring: Harnessing Data to Advance Health Equity.

Notes-bibliography: Group Name. Report Title. Publisher. date. URL. 

World Health Organization. Health Inequality Monitoring: Harnessing Data to Advance Health Equity. December 9, 2024.

• Note: If the report has individual authors listed, use their name/s in place of the group name. If the publisher and the group author are the same, skip the publisher slot

Audio/visual media (videos, podcasts, films, photographs, PowerPoint slides, etc):

Author-date:

Episode: Last, First, role. year. Series Title. Season #, episode #, "Episode Title" Publisher, Month day. Type of content, content length. URL

Ober, Lauren, host. 2022. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, 鈥淕oodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!鈥� Pushkin Industries, September 13. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. .

Film: Title of Work. Release year. Directed by First Last. Publisher, version year. Format.

Gravity. 2013. Directed by Cuar贸n, Alfonso. Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD.

Notes-bibliography:

Episode: Last, First, role. Series Title. Season #, episode #, "Episode Title" Publisher, Month day year. Type of content, content length. URL

Ober, Lauren, host. The Loudest Girl in the World. Season 1, episode 2, 鈥淕oodbye, Routine; Hello, Meltdown!鈥� Pushkin Industries, September 13, 2022. Podcast, 41 min., 37 sec. .

Film: Last, First, role. Title of Work. Release year; Publisher, version year. Format.

Cuar贸n, Alfonso, dir. Gravity. 2013; Warner Bros. Pictures, 2014. Blu-ray Disc, 1080p HD.

AI-generated content:

In general, Chicago style states that acknowledging use of the tool in your text and including a footnote or endnote is sufficient for a citation. However, if the tool you use allows for direct sharing of chats, you should cite the tool in your reference list or bibliography with a link to the conversation.

Author-date: Publisher. Month day, year. Response to "Prompt." Tool and version. Public URL.

OpenAI. July 1, 2026. Response to 鈥淒escribe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald." ChatGPT 5.5 Instant. .

Notes-bibliography: Publisher. Response to "Prompt." Tool and version, Month day, year. Public URL.

OpenAI. Response to 鈥淒escribe the symbolism of the green light in the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald." ChatGPT 5.5 Instant, July 1, 2026. .